Will the expired old batteries from EVs leave us with a serious disposal problem in the future?
Could become another "asbestos" problem - seemed like a great idea at the time but what do we do with it now?
Maybe we can dispose of the batteries the same way we dispose of nuclear waste - but just not in my back yard please
https://www.theguardian.com/sustain...s-big-battery-waste-problem-lithium-recyclingWhilst you cannot argue that an EV is less polluting than its oil drive cousin it is a concern that the batteries have
- Heavy reliance of rare-earth elements such as neodymium, lanthanum, terbium, and dysprosium, and other critical metals such as lithium and cobalt, though the quantity of rare metals used differs per car. Reliance on rare earth elements is problematic as these resources are finite.
- I guess they call them "rare earths" for a reason - especially if China controls 48% of world production
Common technology for plug-ins and electric cars is based on the lithium-ion battery and an electric motor which uses rare-earth elements. The demand for lithium, heavy metals, and other specific elements (such as neodymium, boron and cobalt) required for the batteries and powertrain is expected to grow significantly due to the future sales increase of plug-in electric vehicles in the mid and long term.[As of 2011, the Toyota Prius battery contains more than 20 lb (9.1 kg) of the rare-earth element lanthanum, and its motor magnets use neodymium and dysprosium. While only 0.25 oz (7 g) of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) are required in a smartphone and 1.1 oz (30 g) in a tablet computer, electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems for homes, businesses or industry use much more lithium in their batteries. As of 2016 a hybrid electric passenger car might use 11 lb (5 kg) of LCE, while one of Tesla's high performance electric cars could use as much as 180 lb (80 kg).
Let us look at supply securitySome of the largest world reserves of lithium and other rare metals are located in countries with strong resource nationalism, unstable governments or hostility to U.S. interests, raising concerns about the risk of replacing dependence on foreign oil with a new dependence on hostile countries to supply
strategic materials.
Lithium
The
Salar de Uyuni in
Bolivia is one of the largest known
lithium reserves in the world.
The main deposits of lithium are found in
China and throughout the
Andes mountain chain in
South America. In 2008
Chile was the leading lithium metal producer with almost 30%, followed by China,
Argentina, and
Australia. In the
United States lithium is recovered from
brine pools in
Nevada.
Nearly half the world's
known reserves are located in
Bolivia, and according to the
US Geological Survey, Bolivia's
Salar de Uyuni desert has 5.4 million tons of lithium. Other important reserves are located in
Chile,
China, and
Brazil. Since 2006 the Bolivian government have nationalized oil and gas projects and is keeping a tight control over mining its lithium reserves. Already the
Japanese and
South Korean governments, as well as companies from these two countries and
France, have offered technical assistance to develop Bolivia's lithium reserves and are seeking to gain access to the lithium resources through a
mining and
industrialization model suitable to Bolivian interests.
According to a 2011 study conducted at
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the
University of California Berkeley, the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large-scale battery production for electric vehicles, as the study estimated that on the order of 1 billion 40
kWh Li-based batteries (about 10 kg of lithium per car)could be built with current reserves, as estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey. Another 2011 study by researchers from the
University of Michigan and
Ford Motor Company found that there are sufficient lithium resources to support global demand until 2100, including the lithium required for the potential widespread use of
hybrid electric,
plug-in hybrid electric and
battery electric vehicles. The study estimated global lithium reserves at 39 million tons, and total demand for lithium during the 90-year period analyzed at 12–20 million tons, depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates.
A 2016 study by
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) found that availability of lithium and other finite materials used in the battery packs will not be a limiting factor for the adoption of electric vehicles. BNEF estimated that battery packs will require less than 1% of the known reserves of lithium, nickel, manganese, and copper through 2030, and 4% of the world’s cobalt. After 2030, the study states that new battery chemistries will probably shift to other source materials, making packs lighter, smaller, and cheaper.
[75]Rare-earth elements
China has 48% of the world's reserves of rare-earth elements, the United States has 13%, and Russia, Australia, and Canada have significant deposits. Until the 1980s, the U.S. led the world in rare-earth production, but since the mid-1990s China has controlled the world market for these elements. The mines in
Bayan Obo near
Baotou,
Inner Mongolia, are currently the largest source of rare-earth metals and are 80% of China's production. In 2010 China accounted for 97% of the global production of 17 rare-earth elements.
[61] Since 2006 the Chinese government has been imposing export quotas reducing supply at a rate of 5% to 10% a year.
Prices of several rare-earth elements increased sharply by mid-2010 as China imposed a 40% export reduction, citing environmental concerns as the reason for the export restrictions. These quotas have been interpreted as an attempt to control the supply of rare earths. However, the high prices have provided an incentive to begin or reactivate several rare-earth mining projects around the world, including the United States, Australia,
Vietnam, and
Kazakhstan.
Evolution of global
rare-earth oxides production by country (1950–2000)
In September 2010, China temporarily blocked all exports of rare earths to Japan in the midst of a diplomatic dispute between the two countries. These minerals are used in hybrid cars and other products such wind turbines and guided missiles, thereby augmenting the worries about the dependence on Chinese rare-earth elements and the need for geographic diversity of supply.A December 2010 report published by the US DoE found that the American economy vulnerable to rare-earth shortages and estimates that it could take 15 years to overcome dependence on Chinese supplies.
[81][82]China raised export taxes for some rare earths from 15 to 25%, and also extended taxes to exports of some rare-earth alloys that were not taxed before. The Chinese government also announced further reductions on its export quotas for the first months of 2011, which represent a 35% reduction in tonnage as compared to exports during the first half of 2010.
[83]On September 29, 2010, the
U.S. House of Representatives approved the Rare Earths and Critical Materials Revitalization Act of 2010 (H.R.6160).The approved legislation is aimed at restoring the U.S. as a leading producer of rare-earth elements, and would support activities in the
U.S. Department of Energy (US DoE) to discover and develop rare-earth sites inside of the U.S. in an effort to reduce the auto industry's near-complete dependence on China for the minerals.
[85][86] A similar bill, the Rare Earths Supply Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2010 (S. 3521), is being discussed in the
U.S. Senate.
[85][87]In order to avoid its dependence on rare-earth minerals,
Toyota Motor Corporation announced in January 2011 that it is developing an alternative motor for future hybrid and electric cars that does not need rare-earth materials. Toyota engineers in Japan and the U.S. are developing an
induction motor that is lighter and more efficient than the magnet-type motor used in the Prius, which uses two rare earths in its motor magnets. Other popular hybrids and plug-in electric cars in the market that use these rare-earth elements are the
Nissan Leaf, the
Chevrolet Volt and
Honda Insight. For its second generation
RAV4 EV due in 2012, Toyota is using an induction motor supplied by
Tesla Motors that does not require rare-earth materials. The
Tesla Roadster and the
Tesla Model S use a similar motor.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car
